Commonwealth

Commonwealth

1993 

       The United States Congress passed

 Hare-Hawes Cutting Act as a Philippine

 Independence Act was passed over 

President Herbert Hoover’s veto.

President Manuel L. Quezon 

    The Philippine legislature rejected the bill under his influence.

1934 

       Tydings-McDuffie Act was finally passed.

Tydings-McDuffie Act 

 Provided for the establishment of the Commonwealth of the Philippines with a ten-year period of peaceful transition to full independence.

March 1935 
   A constitution was framed and approved by Franklin D. Roosevelt.


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May 14, 1935 

         A Filipino government was formed on the basis of principles similar to the U.S. Constitution.

Commonwealth 

      Established in 1935, electing Manuel L. Quezon as the president and featuring a very strong executive, a unicameral National Assembly, and a Supreme Court composed entirely of Filipinos for the first time since 1901.

United States Territory

United States Territory

1901
      Civil government was established by the United States with William Howard Taft, as the first American-Governor of the Philippines.

                                       












 


 Arthur MacArthur Jr.
      He became the military Governor-General of the America. He was replaced by Governor W.H. Taft.



1907
     The Philippine constabulary was organized to deal with the remnants of the insurgent movement and elected Philippine Assembly. Became a lower house of a bicameral legislative, with the Appointed Philippine commission as upper house.






1913
      Woodrow Wilson became US President and a new policy was adapted to put into motion a process that would gradually lead to Philippine Independence.

The Jones Act 
       Passed by the US Congress in 1916 to serve as the new organic law in the Philippines, promised eventual independence and an instituted an elected Philippine Senate.

1918
       Several independence missions were sent to Washington, D.C. A civil service was formed and was gradually taken over by Filipinos, 

   
1907
      Philippine Politics during the American territorial era was dominated by the Nacionalista Party.
The party's platform called for "immediate independence", their policy was highly accomodating the Americans.



Manuel L. Quezon
       Spearheaded the call for independence, who served continuosly as Senate President from 1916 until 1935.











Frank Murphy
       was the last Governor-General of the Philippines (1933-1935) and the first US High Commissioner of the Philippines (1935-36). The change in form was more than symbolic: it was intended as a manifestation of the transition to independence. 

Philippine-American War

Philippine-American War

May 5,1902

    General Jacob H. Smith's in famous order "KILL EVERYONE OVER TEN." was captured in the New York Journal cartoon and the bottom caption exclaimed, "Criminals Because They Were Born Ten Years Before We Took the Philippines."

Photo taken from: http://philippineamericanwar.webs.com/

February 4, 1899

           2 American privates on patrol killed 3 Filipino soldiers in San Juan, Manila that sparked that Philippine-American war. In totality, 126,000 soldiers deployed; 4,234 died, as did the 16,000 Filipino soldiers.
           Civilian deaths were estimated between 250,000 and 1,000,000 largely because of famine and disease.

March 31,1899
           Malolos, the revolutionary capital was captured. Aguinaldo and his government escaped and established a new capital in San Isidro, Nueva Ecija.

Antonio Luna (left)

           Aguinaldo's most capable military commander and Gregorio del Pilar (right) were killed in June at Tirad Pass.


November 1899
           Aguinaldo dissolved the regular army because of continued defeats and ordered the establishment of decentralized guerilla commands in each of several military zones.


March 23, 1901
           Aguinaldo was captured at Palanan, Isabela and was brought to Manila. He swore allegiance to the United States and issued a proclamation calling his compatriots to lay down their arms, officially bringing an end to war.



Until 1913
           Sporadic insurgent resistance continued in various parts of the Philippines, especially in Muslim South.
         

American Territorial Period (1898-1946)

American Territorial Period (1898-1946)

             The Filipinos initially saw their relationship with the United States as that of two nations joined in a common struggle against Spain. As allies, Filipinos had provided the American forces with valuable intelligence and military support. However, the United States later distanced itself from the interests of the Filipino insurgents. Aguinaldo was unhappy that the United States would not commit to paper a statement of support for Philippine Independence. Relations deteriorated and tensions heightened as it became clear that the American were in the Islands to stay.

Decline of the Spanish Rule

Decline of the Spanish Rule

Photo taken from: www.freerepublic.com

1762
    The Spanish rule on the Philippines was interrupted due to the involvement of the Spanish with the seven years war.

Photo taken from: http://www.ebay.com/itm/
1780-signed-by-KING-J-Galvez-California-expeditions-
PHILIPPINES-Governor-/370933023852

1763
      The Spanish rule was restored because of the Treaty of Paris.

1764
       The British left the country.




1781
      Governor General Jose y Basco y Vargas established the Economic Society of the Friends of the country.
     

Photo taken from:http://fineartamerica.com/featured/
1-suez-canal-1869-granger.html 

1869
      The Suez Canal opened and caused to cut the travel time to Spain. This prompted the Rise of the Ilustrados, an  enlightened Filipino upperclass.










  

Photo taken from: http://beta.philippine-
trivia.com/trivias/history/trivias-about
-the-dr-jose-p-rizals-roots-in-fujian-china.html

Jose Rizal
          The most celebrated intellectual and radical ilustado of the era. He is the author of the novels Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo.

Photo taken from: www.google.com

Photo taken from: www.google.com

1896
      The Philippine Revolution began. Rizal was implicated in the outbreak of the revolution and was executed for Treason.
     
       The Katipunan in Cavite split into two groups: Magdiwang, led by Mariano Alvarez (right), and Magdalo, led by Emilio Aguinaldo (left).












1898
      The USS Maine exploded and sank in Havana Harbor on May 19,1898. Emilio Aguinaldo returned in the Philippines because was asked by the U.S. after Commodore George Dewey defeated the Spanish squadron.







                                                                                                                                                                June 12, 1898
       Aguinaldo declared Independence of the Philippines in Kawit, Cavite establishing the First Philippine Republic under Asia's First Democratic Constitution.










   

 Felipe Agoncillo
             The Philippine representative for the
 Filipino-American War.

             The Philippines was handed to the US by the Spanish in exchange for US$20,000,000.00 which US characterized as "...a gift from the gods.".

1899-1913
      The Philippine Republic rebelled against US occupation, resulting in the Philippine-American War.

Spanish Colonization

Spanish Colonization

Photo taken from: http://www.touroriental.com/orientalnegros/
negros-oriental-history.html

            


       Miguel Lopez de Legazpi arrived in Cebu from Mexico on 1565 causing the permanent settlement of the Spaniards. On 1571, Rajah Sulayman was defeated and Legazpi established a capital in Manila.

Photo taken from: http://www.philippine-history.org/
pictures-old-manila.html

         



     Manila became the center of Spain government including military, religious and commercial activities in the island. The Philippines was administered as a province of New Spain until Mexican Independence on 1821.

            The Muslims of Western Mindanao and the Sulu archipelago conquered the Spanish colonial control. The Spanish conducted continual military campaigns against the Muslims but got no certain results until after the 19th century.

Brief History of the Philippines

History of the Philippines 

                Believed to have begun with the arrival of the first humans via land bridges at least 30,000 years ago.

Photo taken from:https://en.wikipedia.org/
wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan

March 16, 1521 

   Arrival of Ferdinand Magellan on Homonhon Island, southeast of Samar. First recorded visit from the West.

Spanish Colonization

    Began with the arrival of Miguel Lopez de Legazpi’s expedition in 1565.

Photo taken from: https://pinoyfactsandtrivia.wordpress.com/tag/colonization/

Spanish Rule 

    Brought political unification and introduced elements of Western civilization such as the code of law, printing and the calendar.

Philippines 

 – was ruled as a colonial territory of New Spain from 1565 to 1821, and then administered directly from Madrid.

Photo taken from: http://epicworldhistory.blogspot.com/2012/05/
spanish-colonization-of-philippines.html

April 1896 – The Philippine revolution against Spain began, culminating two years later with a proclamation of independence and the establishment of the first Philippine republic.

Treaty of Paris – transferred control of the Philippines to the United States at the end of the Spanish-American War.

Photo taken from: http://www.michaeldsellers.com/blog/2010/11/27/
the-war-they-dont-teach-us-about-in-american-schools/

June 2, 1899 – the Philippine government 

proclaimed a Declaration of War against the US.

Philippine-American War – resulted in massive Filipino casualties.

Emilio Aguinaldo – the Filipino leader was captured in 1901 and the US government declared the conflict finally over in 1902.

1903 - US colonial rule of the Philippines started, with very limited local rule.

1935 – Partial autonomy (commonwealth status) was granted

Photo taken from:https://familysearch.org/learn/wiki/en/
United_States_World_War_II_Enlistment_Records

1946 

   Preparatory to a planned full independence from the United States. Preparation for a fully sovereign state was interrupted by the Japanese occupation during World War II.

Photo taken from: http://www.lakadpilipinas.com/2013/09/
lapu-lapu-city-mactan-shrine.html

Ferdinand Magellan 

      The Philippine islands first came to the attention of the Europeans with the Spanish expedition led by the Portuguese explorer in 1521.

-             He landed on Homonhon,  claiming the archipelago for Spain and naming them Islas de San Lazaro.

-          He was killed in a dispute with indigenous tribal groups led by a chieftain named Lapu-lapu.

Photo taken from:http://kahimyang.info/kauswagan
/articles/

1543 

    Ruy Lopez de Villalobos led an expedition to the islands and gave the name Las Islas Filipinas (after Philip II of Spain) to the islands of Samar and Leyte.